Pay-for-Performance and Reimbursement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1598 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Pay-for-performance and Reimbursement are the important component of all healthcare organizations. Devoid of flow of money into the system of health care, it is tough to pay for the individuals offered services. Client has to shell out for the services of health care used by them. System of Health care is increasing on a quicker pace than the United States economy. The diverse reasons are proliferation of technology, new medicines in business, and advancements in devices, research studies, and novel procedures. Conversely, there are extensive concerns regarding the medical mistakes, incoherent eminence in health care services, raise in cost, and public knowledge regarding the health care services in the course of Medias, lead to the pay-for-performance movement. This materialized as a program of cost containment. System of Health care is endeavoring to offer efficiency, quality, transparency and accountability, in health care services in the course of the growth o f pay-for-performance movement (Henley, 2005). Pay-for-performance is referred to as program of financial incentive that pay a additional benefit to the partaker of services for instance hospitals, physicians, physician groups, or groups of health plan who accomplish a standard in efficiency, quality, responsibility in patient care and health care services. This is described as the program of pay-for-performance. This program offers high credit additional benefit for preventive care services. As the term indicates, pay-for performance is the high quality for services of health care for the money compensated by patients. It is an expression extensively used and utilized more and more throughout the execution of Affordable care Act. This plan offers incentives to the providers of health care to decrease the avoidable health care cost, and enhanced eminence of services. The additional names utilized for pay for performance comprises knowledge and skill based pay, merit pay, or group or individual incentive pays. Pay-for-Performance and Reimbursement Medicare offered a new financial model which aids to enhance the efficiency and quality with sufficient reimbursement for the doctors. The physician has no choice since of the increasing health care cost at a record speed and the quality of care remaining the same, an innovative system offered in which the medical doctor obtains rewarded for the quality of health care services he offers. Pay-for- performance nationally is a important plan in which the physicians group, hospitals, physicians, and providers of health plan are getting occupied into this movement ever since two decades. The reimbursement of money is based on more than a few measures. This comprises à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“process measuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  founded on clinical quality and patient care improvement. The subsequently stride is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“outcome measuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  that offer information on how health care is influenced by patients. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Structural measuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  review the long-term training, the organizational structure of delivered care and the health care services provider certification. An additional significant measure is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“patient experienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  measure, in which the satisfaction of patients in the direction of care delivered gets assessed. Significant utilization of technology of health information is a prominence of program of pay-for-performance in which practice of evidence based, conveys changes in executing patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health care. Quality Incentive Program reimburses bonus for the medical groups who carry out at or over 75th percentile on one or five of the measures of clinical quality, from the previous year. This incentive acquires paid on a basis of quarterly (Purcell. 2005). Pay-for-performance stoutly supposes that reimbursement can source a change in healthcare providerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quality of care and behavior. A payment of bonus founded on a fraction of all delivered care by the provider acquires promoted. The payment of bonus for each patient for all services with a measure pre-determined provides the quality of care. A fraction of cost savings attained in relation to what cost would have been with high eminence of care. These are the diverse reimbursement sections in the program of pay-for-performance (Mayes Walradt 2011). Impact on Quality and Efficiency Impact on the efficiency and quality of care is computed in expressions of clinical objective and non-clinical objectives measures. The clinical objective is measured in expressions of the short term goals, process of care, transitional outcomes, and long-term objectives. Clinical goals offer improved accountability, and excellence of care when evaluated to the performance of provider. The eminence of care comprises decrease of medication mistakes, underuse and overuse of resources, and as well lessen inefficiencies and waste in the heal th care system. Appropriate precautionary health care service endorses patients health, decreases on the whole cost of care, and endorses positive admission to health care. The non-clinical objectives assist to enhance the effectiveness in health care services comprises increased access to health care services, electronic health records, and patient satisfaction. Employ of information technology helps in precise collection of data and reasonable reporting with methodically sound measures for instance evidence based practice. Electronic health records assist to access clinical outcomes online that averts replication of tests and enhances communication amid professionals of health care. Satisfaction of Patient survey provides information for potential development (Henley, 2005). Impact on Providers and Customers Pay for performance is an important administrative respite for the providers from the bureaucratic obstructions to treatment. With elevated performance in patient care, and the utilization of the wide release of information in the course of information technology, the eminence of care for clients acquires to be ensured. The consumers are capable to access the providerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information, and regarding the eminence of services provided. Providers are capable to provide quality care with the employ of uniform measures, and recommendations for patient safety. A bonus payment for the provided services is extra savings for the health care providers. Chronic care Reimbursement and healthcare management for clients will offer hospital and physicians, with a minute amount of payments. The rewards of non-financial comprise helping patient to design and network providers which can compel the business with a high performing providers group. Additional status includes improved patient volume, recognition in community, and reputation role in the midst of the high performing providers. And also Compliance on quality, safety, and conformity with the u tilization of evidence based practices is an additional advantage for provider from the organizations of regulatory. Global changes in result measures for instance preventable hospitalizations, readmissions of inpatient, and decrease in the visits to emergency room. The satisfaction of customer improved with quality of care, decrease in cost and customer association in care. This program promotes patient-physician connection, self-management, stress on preventive features of care, and a variety of programs of support group for chronic clients. Public reporting allows customers to acquire information on the high performing healthcare providers and finest established practices (Geoffrey, 2003). For customers by executing pay-for-performance, the improved clinical outcome measure will be the concluding results. Effects of Pay-for-performance and Future The pay for performance requires research data to sustain advancement in the quality of care and also its potential benefits. If quality turn out to be the vital for the financial success, providers will move additional resources to the improvement of quality in a setting of health care. An additional challenge is in the direction of measuring the quality of physicianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s practice, for which quantitative and qualitative data is required to recognize their standards and methods of delivered care. Originally the pay for performance was instituted to reduce the cost of health care at the present the spotlight is in the direction of the quality. Simply one third of the study reveals savings in cost. As regards 90 percent of the score comprises the performance of adequacy and access measures. Merely 10 percentages is on national safety measures in which the data is manually entered. Future spotlight should be made on the reduction of cost by enhanced quality of care with novel measures, and new levels to measure. Pay for performance must drive forward into an age of value-based purchasing (Bhat Bha t 2012). In pay for performance the diverse areas of improvements comprise performance management in which the objectives must be reinforced, advance feedback and education for appraisal and development, and hold managers responsible for the outcomes and budget. I also includes placing goals and determining progress amid rewards and results. Center for Medicare and medical services must provide rules on the procedures and timeliness for a longer stay in hospital when waiting for admission. Lastly, information and education is the vital for the success of any program. No one can manage an innovative program devoid of employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information and support. Encourage employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ participation in safety, quality, and performance improvement (A compelling case for a robust pay-for-performance future, 2004). Financial incentive simply is inadequate to compel hospitals in the direction of pay-for-performance program. To be thriving Center for Medicare an d Medicaid Services (CMS) must offer tools to health care providers, hospitals, and physicians on cost, quality, and operating costs. By carrying out research on a series of outcomes, assists to sort the associated trade-off with performance connected pay. On the other hand strong nursing care with education on precautionary features will fetch change in delivered quality of care which offers a smooth evolution towards program of pay-for-performance (Baker, 2003). Reference IOMAs Pay for Performance Report, (2004) A compelling case for a robust pay-for-performance future 04(11), 5 Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/230540767?accountid=458. G. Baker, (2003). Pay for Performance Incentive Programs in Health Care. Retrieved from https://www.leapfroggroup.org P., Bhat, J. Bhat, (2012). Tackling pay-for-performance: current and future challenges. Nephrology News Issues, 26(1), 27-29. E.Henley (2005). Pay-for-performance: What can you expect? Journal of Family Practice, 54(7). R., Mayes, J. Walradt, (2011). Pay-for-performance reimbursement in health care: Chasing cost control and increased quality through new and improved payment incentives. Health Law Review, 19(2), 39-43. F. Purcell, (2005). What is pay for performance? AANA Journal, 59(5), 15-17. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pay-for-Performance and Reimbursement" essay for you Create order

The Division Of Gender Roles - 844 Words

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Safety Management Practices and Safety Compliance †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Safety Management Practices and Safety Compliance. Answer: Introduction Nearly all, if not all occupations are associated with some kind health effects also called occupational health hazards. Therefore, human resource managers recommend health surveillance as a method of detecting the potential health hazards that workers in such occupations may be exposed to. According to Arcury et al (2012), an early detection of these health hazards enables the implementation of interventions that facilitate the prevention of any possible disease that the workers may be exposed to, or a reduction of the speed with which a disease process may occur among the workers. This essay aims to identify appropriate health surveillance for workers exposed to Silica in a mining quarry which currently employs less than 20 individuals. We acknowledge that while the mining quarry has established certain measures (fogging systems, localized ventilation, and conveyor covers) to suppress the amount of dust the miners are exposed to, the workers are still exposed to a high risk of con tracting respiratory diseases associated with silicon from the crushed rocks. Our main objective is to design a health surveillance measure for workers in the quarrys control room. In doing so, the paper will first identify the health issues that the miners may be exposed to, before identifying a typical surveillance measure and designing an health surveillance for them. The paper will also give a detailed timeline for the implementation of the designed health surveillance measure before making recommendations on the health surveillance issue. While exposure to silica is a major health risk for miners in Australia, there is a paucity of knowledge of what entails proper health surveillance for such workers. Yet, Burgel et al (2013), Chalupka et al (2013) and Grabinski (2015) provide evidence of an increasing trend of Australian quarry miners contracting silicosis. Equally, statistics from Safe Work Australia and Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) indicate that work-related injuries have high-cost implications to the Australian economy, and occupational hazards related to the mining industry have a significant contribution to the cost (Gochfeld et al 2007). From time immemorial, miners exposed to silica have been burdened by occupational health issues, with some of them dying from silicosis a disease caused by a formation of scar tissue in the lung as a result of constant exposure to silica (Hicks et al 2016). In fact, Hong et al (2012) claim that silica has dangerous effects comparable to asbestos and that it has a potential of causing serious health effects to miners in Australia. Against that backdrop, there is a need for mining organizations to identify and establish standardized health surveillance among workers exposed to silica so that they keep their workers safe. Similarly, Hood et al (2007) argue that there is a need for such organizations to consider establishing modern health surveillance approaches since there is a consistent change from historical models of risk surveillance to more modern and effective models. Keeping up with new techniques will facilitate a change from passive approaches to more active approaches to health surveillance (Junaid et al 2016). Respirable Crystalline Silica (RCS) A major component of granite, sand, rock, soil and other minerals found in the earths crust, crystalline silica dangerous substance consisting of silicon and oxygen (McCillagh et al 2012). The author further comments that silica may exist freely or combined with other elements to form silicates. On the same note, McCauley et al (2012) indicate that the three common types of crystalline silica (tridymite, cristobalite, and quartz) produce dangerous particles when ground, drilled or cut; and that exposure to these particles (especially during mining) is a major health hazard. In Australia, exposure to RCS has been assigned a safety limit of 0.1 milligrams per cubic meter (0.1mg/m3), meaning that an exposure beyond that limit would be considered a health hazard (Maghsoudipour Sarfaraz 2011). While some scholars claim that this limit is low, Pak et al (2013) observe that part of the reason why the limit was set at that point is the declining incidences of silicosis in Australia. However, the author mentions that despite a decline in incidences of silicosis in Australia, exposure to RCS generally has adverse health effects on most Australian miners. All in all, considering our case study, an RCS exposure of 0.15mg/m3 for primary operators and 0.51mg/m3 for secondary operator indicates a high health hazard which needs immediate attention. Silicosis is part of a group of dust-related diseases called pneumoconiosis, majorly characterized by non-malignant and non-neoplastic changes in lungs as a result of exposure to inorganic dust such as asbestos, coal dust or RCS (Rogers et al 2014). Reports by Health Grove indicate that Silicosis cause 1 death per 100,000 people yearly in Australia and an annual loss of healthy life at the rate of 9.4 people per 100, 000 people (Rogers et al 2014). A majority of Australian population working in the mining industry are exposed to silicosis and other RCS related diseases. Similarly, there are reports that a significant section of Australian population serves this industry. For instance, according to the estimates of the Mineral Council of Australia, there are 200,000 indirectly employed and 127,000 directly employed people in the mining industry (Smith Deloy 2014). Hence, while Subramaniam et al (2016) may have observed a general decrease in silicosis-related deaths in Australia, it is still a disease that affects to several Australians every year. Silicosis affects human health through a definitive pathophysiology, where deposits of RCS in the lung interstitium damage the lungs epithelial cells and release various inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis) and enzymes. According to Savinainen Oksa (2011), these inflammatory cytokines attract other inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, and macrophages which have a potential of damaging the lung parenchyma. Equally, Siddiqui et al (2011), Taormina et al (2013) and Walker (2013) propose that even an exposure to low doses of silica may lead to the inability of a worker to have their lungs cleared of inhaled dust, a condition which results from hilar lymph node fibrosis. When the lung parenchyma of a worker is exposed to collagen nodules and hyaline as a result of constantly inhaling silica, the worker may be susceptible to either complicated or simple silicosis. According to Steiner (2011), complicated silicosis is a radiology definition of a situation where the workers x-ray results show coalescent fibrosis while simple silicosis is where there are no signs of coalescent fibrosis. According to James et al (2014), silicosis is identified a common problem to miners majorly because complicated silicosis normally contributes to the development of other significant health complications such as respiratory disability and breathlessness. Equally, Al Amiry (2015) claims that while it is not proven that complicated silicosis leads to the formation of other lung-related complications such as lung cancer and tuberculosis, they are normally perceived as additional complications among persons with silicosis. Chronic Obscure Pulmonary Disease (COPD) A typical complication with COPD is a largely irreversible and lowly developing obstruction of a victims airflow. While cigarette smoking is regarded as the main cause of this complication, Groenewold Baron (2013) and Hong et al (2012) agree that exposures to silica as an occupational risk may also be a cause. Similarly, there are several studies supporting RCS as a causative agent of COPD. For instance, a meta-analysis by Arcury et al (2012) reveals that exposure to silica dust had a positive correlation with COPD. The meta-analysis involved 13 cohort studies that were conducted among coal miners. Apart from the observation that the miners were at a high risk of contracting COPD, the risk was discovered to be higher if the miners were smokers. A recent review by the United States National Institute of Safety and Occupational Health (NIOSH) revealed pathological and epidemiological evidence suggesting that constant exposure to RCS may cause airflow obstruction as a result of chronic small airways disease or chronic bronchitis (Chalupka et al 2013). Similarly, according to the author, the study revealed that emphysema was a predominant complication associated with obstructed airflow as a result of exposure to RCS. Hence, we can summarise that RCS can cause chronic bronchitis or emphysema which can result in airflow obstruction. A review of studies in the Britain on the evidence of increased exposure to COPD in industries and occupations such as tunnelling, cement production, ceramic production, pottery and steel and iron founding, and gold mining found that a consistent exposure to silica in these kinds of environments exposed the workers to COPD as a result of silica exposure (Chalupka et al 2013). RCS is also said to be a causative agent of rheumatoid silicotic nodules which are often found on the lungs of miners and are a risk factor for lung cancer (Gochfeld et al 2007). Similarly, according to Hicks et al (2016), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reveals RCS as a potential carcinogen for human lungs, although there has been a major debate whether silica rather than silicosis is the most important causative agent for lung cancer. Other major health complications associated with RCS include renal and autoimmune diseases. Similarly, according to Burgel et al (2013), RCS has largely been reported to have a causative relationship with systematic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, scieroderma and rheumatoid arthritis. Typical Risk assessment and health surveillance for RCS A typical way of conducting a risk surveillance of RCS exposure is through a measurement of the airborne concentration. According to Hong et al (2012), this method is appropriate because RCS only becomes a health risk when it is inhaled. Hence, In Australia, the most common methodology of conducting a surveillance of RCS health risk is air-monitoring. This a technique used to measure the particle size of RCS as an occupational health risk. According to Hicks et al (2016), these particle sizes are sampled and defined by AS 2985 (2004) which is a protocol established by ISO 7708 of 1995 for the same purpose. Based on AS 2985 of 2004, a respirable dust is defined as the portion of airborne materials which penetrate to un-ciliated airways when inhaled. In Australia, air-monitoring and analysis are carried out using X-ray diffraction or infrared spectroscopy as guided by the National Health and Medical Research Council (Chalupka et al 2013). According to Burgel et al (2013), a procedure that involves modern analytical instruments operated by a professional would take 8 hours per 8-hour work shift before an acceptable level of certainty over the RCS concentration is achieved. Similarly, Arcury et al (2012) argued that if a test process would last way shorter than 8 hours, for example, 4 hours or below, then the results may fall short of the legally set standard of proof of interference. However, any test that lasts longer than 4 hours is capable of providing proper compliance monitoring indicators and monitoring of concentrations (Gochfeld et al 2007). Nevertheless, according to Arcury et al (2012), the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) recommend a fully 8-hour sampling or a 12-hour for 8 hours and 12 hours work shift respectively. Similarly, the AIOH strongly recommends laboratory equipment accredited by the Australian National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) for use in the RCS surveillance and analysis. Health Surveillance Measures Upon conducting the monitoring and assessment, the organization can choose to control the exposure levels by drafting an action plan to help eliminate the amount of dust the miners are exposed to (Junaid et al 2016). However, according to Arcury et al (2012), this should be after inviting an occupational health professional to conduct health surveillance, where health hazards of the identified RCS are measured. The author further explains that health surveillance may typically include a review of whether there are residual adverse effects of RCS exposure to the miners health. It means testing the miners respiratory and skin functioning, as well as inspecting of their urine methanol levels (Chalupka et al 2013). Therefore, as will be shown in the subsequent section, a full RCS health surveillance would include a full exposure and occupational history of the employees, several medical tests (spirometry and blood or urine test), interpretation of results from individual tests, a full report and information on levels of exposure and a compilation of the surveillance report for each employee (Gochfeld et al 2007). During the surveillance, there is a need to ensure that the exposure levels for each employee are well captured and recorded so that they can easily be used for future references. The proper recording also ensures that a new employer is not falsely accused of previous exposures (Chalupka et al 2013). Surveillance before Exposure to RCS For purposes of record keeping, it is important that the workers demographical data are collected especially at their first time of admission into the organization. The following information is contained in the demographic data for each employee: This section contains the employees work history and an identification of whether the employee has had any previous exposure to RCS. Similarly, this section will identify the employees current level of exposure to RCS and whether they have, and use the recommended RCS protective gears. There will be an examination of whether any worker currently displays any symptoms to RCS as well as whether an employee has a history smoking. Similarly, this section of the schedule will use a standardized questionnaire (The Bronchial Symptoms Questionnaire) as part of the medical examination process. Upon conducting the medical investigation, the workers should be exposed to a session of professional medical advice, which enlightens them of the medical risks associated with exposure to RCS and how to minimise such risks. The health surveillance at this stage will be deemed to be effective it provides all the necessary information to prove that the worker was or was not exposed to RCS in his previous place of work. Similarly, an effective surveillance before exposure gives a detailed medical history of the employee for future reference. Health Surveillance during Exposure to RCS As part of the information to be included in the health records of each employee, there will be a collection of details from any formally conducted assessment especially those that are in compliance with NIOSH. Similarly, part of the employee health records will include their job descriptions as well as the start and finish dates. Similarly, all the results of personal and atmospheric monitoring will be included as part of this data. Besides taking the health records for each employee, there will be a periodic (after every 5 years) medical evaluation which includes taking of their medical history, occupational history, physical examination, and investigation (a repeat of steps 1 (a), (b), (c), (d), (e)). The periodic medical evaluations will also be accompanied by their respective epidemiological survey as part of the comprehensive medical evaluation. Equally, there is a need to inform the employer of any abnormal results to enable them to establish proper control measures. Health surveillance during exposure is considered effective when it provides all the information pertaining to the employees health condition enough to facilitate any medical action towards improving the health and well-being of each employee. For instance, it will be considered effective if it ensures that all the workers wear protective gears any time they are within the quarry area. During employee termination, it is important to have comprehensive information about the employee including the reason for termination and date of termination. Equally, if the employee is terminated due to ill health, it is important to record the details of the illness. Likewise, id employee dies during service, the date and cause of death must be recorded. When the employee is terminated, it is important to take them through a final medical examination which includes medical history, physical examination, and investigation. Health surveillance at termination will be considered effective if it establishes the workers exposure levels or status at termination. This means that an effective surveillance at termination should compare the workers level of RCN exposure before joining the organization (before exposure) and at termination. Conclusion Workplace risk assessment should be the basis upon which the development of RCS health surveillance is conducted. Similarly, the health safety of employees in silica-exposed workplaces is only guaranteed when they accept the RCS-based health surveillance as a normal health routine which must be abided by at all costs. In fact, the employees should be involved in the development of health surveillance programs and if need be, there should be adequate training on the importance of fully participating in such programs. There is also a need to orient and inform the workers of how they will be handled during the surveillance program, especially when any abnormal results are detected during testing. This will prepare them psychologically for any outcome and promote their compliance levels to the entire program. Equally, all the information recorded during the health surveillance program should be shared with each individual employee who should then give consent for the information to be passed on to their primary health care provider. Upon collection of such records, they should be kept separately from the organizations human resources to promote confidentiality. For purposes of maintaining standards for RCS-related health surveillance, there is a need to establish and maintain a standardized health surveillance program for all workers within the Australian mining and related industry. On the same note, there is a need to maintain a standardized questionnaire (e.g. the Bronchial Symptoms Questionnaire) and health data recording template as part of maintaining a standardized health surveillance program within Australia. In conclusion, persons responsible for developing health surveillance programs need be knowledgeable of health risks caused by RCS including the radiological complications and its interference with lung function. Hence, it is necessary to keep a continuous identification of training needs to keep up with the advancing complications that RCS may bear. References Arcury, T. A., PhD., O'Hara, Heather, MD, MSPH, Grzywacz, J. G., PhD., Isom, S., M.S., Chen, Haiying,M.D., PhD., Quandt, S. A., PhD. (2012). Work safety climate, musculoskeletal discomfort, working while injured, and depression among migrant farmworkers in north carolina.American Journal of Public Health,102, S272-8. Al Amiry, A. (2015). Review article: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An occupational health hazard in the prehospital setting. Journal Of Acute Disease, 4274-276. Burgel, Barbara J, RN, COHN-S,PhD., F.A.A.N., Novak, Debra,R.N., D.S.N., Burns, Candace M,PhD., A.R.N.P., Byrd, Annette,M.P.H., R.N., Carpenter, Holly,B.S.N., R.N., Gruden, MaryAnn, MSN, CRNP,N.P.-C., C.O.H.N.-S./C.M., . . . Taormina, Deborah, MS, RN,A.N.P.-B.C., C.O.H.N.-S. (2013). Perceived competence and comfort in respiratory protection: Results of a nationwide survey of occupational health nurses.Workplace Health Safety,61(3), 103-115. Chalupka, Stephanie, EdD, RN,P.H.C.N.S.-B.C., F.A.A.O.H.N. (2013). Medical surveillance for workplace exposure to hazardous drugs.Workplace Health Safety,61(2), 92. Grabinski, C. (2015). Toxicology 101.Chemical Engineering Progress,111(11), 31-36. Gochfeld, Michael,M.D., PhD., Mohr, Sandra,M.D., M.P.H. (2007). Protecting contract workers: Case study of the US department of energy's nuclear and chemical waste management.American Journal of Public Health,97(9), 1607-13. Groenewold, M. R., Baron, S. L. (2013). The Proportion of Work-Related Emergency Department Visits Not Expected to Be Paid by Workers' Compensation: Implications for Occupational Health Surveillance, Research, Policy, and Health Equity. Health Services Research, 48(6pt1), 1939-1959. Hicks, G., Buttigieg, D., De Cieri, H. (2016). Safety climate, strain and safety outcomes.Journal of Management and Organization,22(1), 19-31. Hong, OiSaeng, PhD,R.N., F.A.A.N. (2012). Exploring occupational health nursing in south america through brazilian experience.Workplace Health Safety,60(3), 115-121. Hood, Joyce, MPH,R.N., C.O.H.N.-S., Larraaga, Michael, PhD, PE, CIH, CSP. (2007). Employee health surveillance in the health care industry.AAOHN Journal,55(10), 423-431. Junaid, M., Hashmi, M. Z., Malik, R. N., Pei, D. (2016). Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by chromium in workers exposed from different occupational settings around the globe: A review.Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,23(20), 20151-20167. James D, M., Stephen C, H., Giffe T, J., Ping, X., Steve, M., Jay, W., Raymond D, H. (2014). Occupational health surveillance: Pulmonary function testing in emergency responders. Journal Of Emergencies, Trauma And Shock, Vol 7, Iss 3, Pp 180-185 (2014), (3), 180. McCullagh, Marjorie C, PhD, RN,P.H.C.N.S.-B.C., C.O.H.N.-S. (2012). Occupational health nursing education for the 21st century.Workplace Health Safety,60(4), 167-76. McCauley, Linda A, RN, PhD,F.A.A.N., F.A.A.O.H.N. (2012). Research to practice in occupational health nursing.Workplace Health Safety,60(4), 183-9; quiz 190. Maghsoudipour, M., Sarfaraz, Z. (2011). Industrial workers with occupational hand injury from tehran factories.Work,40(2), 211. Pak, V. M., PhD., Powers, M., M.E.S., Liu, J., PhD. (2013). Occupational chemical exposures among cosmetologists: Risk of reproductive disorders.Workplace Health Safety,61(12), 522-528. Rogers, B., Kono, K., Marziale, M. H. P., Peurala, M., Radford, J., Staun, J. (2014). International survey of occupational health nurses' roles in multidisciplinary teamwork in occupational health services.Workplace Health Safety,62(7), 274-81. Smith, T. D., DeJoy, D. M. (2014). Safety climate, safety behaviors and line-of-duty injuries in the fire service.International Journal of Emergency Services,3(1), 49-64. Subramaniam, C., Mohd. Shamsudin, F., Mohd Zin, M. L., Sri Ramalu, S., Hassan, Z. (2016). Safety management practices and safety compliance in small medium enterprises.Asia - Pacific Journal of Business Administration,8(3), 226-244. Savinainen, M., Oksa, P. (2011). Efficiency of workplace surveys conducted by finnish occupational health services.AAOHN Journal,59(7), 303-310. Steiner, M. C. (2011). Workplace health surveillance for occupational skin diseases : diagnostic accuracy and reliability of a teledermatology tool. Siddiqui, H., Ashquin, M., Prasad, R., Arif, J. M., Patil, T. N., Ahmad, I. (2011). Industrial hygiene and toxicity studies in unorganized bone-based industrial units.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,176(1-4), 213-23. Taormina, Deborah, MS, RN,A.N.P.-B.C., C.O.H.N.-S., Burgel, Barbara J, RN, COHN-S,PhD., F.A.A.N. (2013). Development of a respiratory protection survey instrument for occupational health nurses: An educational project.Workplace Health Safety,61(2), 79-83. Walker, A. (2013). Outcomes associated with breach and fulfillment of the psychological contract of safety.Journal of Safety Research,47, 31.

King Lear The Role Of The Fool Essays - King Lear, British Films

King Lear: The Role of the Fool In Shakespeare's, King Lear, the Fool plays three major roles. One of these roles is of an "inner-conscience" of Lear. The Fool provides basic wisdom and reasoning for the King at much needed times. The Fool also works as amusement for Lear in times of sadness and is also one of the only people besides the Duke of Kent and Cordelia who are willing to stand up to the King. The Fool works as the "inner conscience" of Lear throughout the play. The Fool shows Lear the side of reasoning and tries to persuade Lear that it was wrong to banish Cordelia. The Fool only first appears in Act 1, scene four, after Cordelia has moved away with the King of France. The Fool knows that Lear has done wrong by giving all his land away to his to evil daughters, Goneril and Regan, and tells him so in act one, scene four, when he says, "All thy other titles thou hast given away; that thou wast born with." The Fool also warns Lear about Goneril and Regan stating that Lear is now a lap dog to Goneril and Regan, "Truth's a dog must to kennel; he must be whipped out when the Lady Brach may stand by the fire and stink." The Fool disappears in act three, when Lear goes mad. This shows that the Fool is Lear's view of reasoning because when a person goes insane they cannot think straight or reason and therefore after act three there is no need for Lear to have a Fool as he is mad. The Fool also tries to help Lear to feel a bit better about what is going on by putting a humorous spin on the words he is saying. The Fool uses poetry and song to get his view across to Lear. In act one, this is visible in numerous ways. For example, in scene four the Fool sings: Then they for sudden joy did weep, And I for sorrow sung, That such a King should play bo-peep And go the fools among. This little verse helps the Fool the show Lear again that dividing his kingdom was a mistake. The Fool throughout this act also refers to Lear as a fool himself and many times offers him his coxcomb. In King Lear, there are only three people with the ability to stand up to Lear. Cordelia, Kent and the Fool. During the play Lear threatens to have the Fool whipped for what he says, when Cordelia and Kent get banished from the Kingdom for speaking their minds. This just shows the special relationship the Fool and Lear have during the play. This point is emphasised later in the play when Lear shows concern and compassion towards the Fool, "Come on, my boy. How dost my boy, art thou cold?" The Fool is not just a servant to Lear but is also a friend and the son Lear never had. The name "Fool" means nothing. He is the most intelligent and insightful character in the play and provides simple and clear reasoning for a one sighted King. The Fool is loyal to the bitter end and provides the little bits of humour in this play. He has honesty and integrity that is only found in a few other characters in the play. Bibliography KING LEAR BOOK

Charlottes Web and Lincoln a Photobiography

Free Essays on Isolation Of Caffeine

Isolation of caffeine Abstract: The objective of this experiment is to isolate caffeine from tea leaves or coffee and then purify using sublimation as well as determine the purity by melting point. It was concluded that 18.7mg of caffeine were found in a single Louisiana Tea sample. The purified caffeine sample was found to have a melting point of 505K compared to the textbook caffeine melting point of 509K. Backround: Sublimination is when a substance in the solid phase passes directly into the vapor phase without going into the liquid phase. This happens because the vapor pressure of a substance generally goes up as temperature increases and the boiling point of a liquid happens when its vapor pressure is equal to the applied pressure. If this vapor can then be re-solidified it will separate compounds with low vapor pressures and high vapor pressures. This re-solidification is usually collected in crystal form on the outside of a glass tube with some sort of very cold liquid inside to attract and solidify the compound with a higher vapor pressure in a vacuumed atmosphere. This method is generally quick however it is not as selective as other methods of purification. Objective and Materials: The objective of this experiment is to isolate caffeine from tea leaves or coffee and then purify using sublimation as well as determine the purity by melting point. Materials used are as follows: sublimination tube, test tubes, tea, coffee, methylene chloride, potassium carbonate, centrifuge tube, vacuum hose, Pasteur pipet, available water, 200mL beaker, hot plate, sand bath, micropipette bulb, all materials were provided by the University of Arizona Chemistry Department. Procedure: The procedure for this experiment is listed on page 43(Organic Chemistry laboratory Manual, Haden/McNeil, 2003-04) Data: All data is in laboratory notebook. Calculations: The following i... Free Essays on Isolation Of Caffeine Free Essays on Isolation Of Caffeine Isolation of caffeine Abstract: The objective of this experiment is to isolate caffeine from tea leaves or coffee and then purify using sublimation as well as determine the purity by melting point. It was concluded that 18.7mg of caffeine were found in a single Louisiana Tea sample. The purified caffeine sample was found to have a melting point of 505K compared to the textbook caffeine melting point of 509K. Backround: Sublimination is when a substance in the solid phase passes directly into the vapor phase without going into the liquid phase. This happens because the vapor pressure of a substance generally goes up as temperature increases and the boiling point of a liquid happens when its vapor pressure is equal to the applied pressure. If this vapor can then be re-solidified it will separate compounds with low vapor pressures and high vapor pressures. This re-solidification is usually collected in crystal form on the outside of a glass tube with some sort of very cold liquid inside to attract and solidify the compound with a higher vapor pressure in a vacuumed atmosphere. This method is generally quick however it is not as selective as other methods of purification. Objective and Materials: The objective of this experiment is to isolate caffeine from tea leaves or coffee and then purify using sublimation as well as determine the purity by melting point. Materials used are as follows: sublimination tube, test tubes, tea, coffee, methylene chloride, potassium carbonate, centrifuge tube, vacuum hose, Pasteur pipet, available water, 200mL beaker, hot plate, sand bath, micropipette bulb, all materials were provided by the University of Arizona Chemistry Department. Procedure: The procedure for this experiment is listed on page 43(Organic Chemistry laboratory Manual, Haden/McNeil, 2003-04) Data: All data is in laboratory notebook. Calculations: The following i...

Case One (Stephen) (Refusal of treatment) Essay

Case One (Stephen) (Refusal of treatment) - Essay Example It will also be important to examine case law in this area to see when the courts have overridden the wishes of an individual and how this has been achieved. Through examining case law and with reference to legislation it should be possible to determine whether a doctor would have the power to override Stephen’s refusal of treatment. As there is no mention of the age of Stephen or whether he has any mental health issues, it will be necessary to consider the impact of the Children Acts and the Mental Health Acts, to determine whether these would assist Stephen in his refusal or whether a doctor would be entitled to force him to have treatment, irrespective of his wishes. The issue of consent has been encompassed into Art 5 and 8 of the Human Rights Acts (1998) (HRA), with the intention of giving respect to the autonomy of the patient. It has been noted by researches that doctors in general see consent as a legal requirement (Kessel, 1994). Human rights supporters have argued th at the protection offered to adults should also apply to mature minors, which appears to have been addressed to a minor degree within the HRA (Hagger, 2003). In order for consent to be recognised as valid the principle of informed consent has developed. Informed consent centres on the giving of sufficient information to a patient with regard to the complications that might ensure following the treatment, so that they can make an informed decision about the treatment. Actions for negligence have been successful in cases where the patient did not give informed consent (Faden and Beauchamp, 1986). An example of this is Sidaway v Bethlem RHG and others [1984]1, in which the patient had not been told of all the potential risks of the operation, and would not have given consent if they had known of these risks. Davis (2005) has argued that there should be a change in the law in relation to such matters, and that patients should be given the option as to how much information they would lik e to know about the procedure. Implied consent has occurred in situations where a patient has willingly allowed the medical professional to administer medication or injections. However, implied consent can be problematic as simple attendance at the surgery or hospital does not mean that the patient is consenting to treatment. Autonomy is important in the decision making process and many legislative changes have been made in order to ensure the autonomy of the patient. Researchers such as Faden and Beauchamp (1986) believe that a patient has to be fully informed of the probable outcomes of the treatment in order to reach an autonomous decision. They were concerned that on some occasions persuasion and coercion might be used by the medical profession or the family of the patient to appeal to the patient’s sense of reason. Internationally the Nuremberg Code 1947 and the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki 1964 have been established as a means of increasing patient autonomy. As mentioned earlier the HRA has also enshrined protection of the rights of adults and adolescents into the Articles, thereby increasing autonomous levels (Hewson, 2000). Many of the issues surrounding autonomy have been centred on the rights of the child, as evidenced by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1991 where the aim was to give children the same rights as

Gene One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gene One - Essay Example The success that Gene One has had in eight short years has presented a quandary concerning the strategic path Gene One's future. Should Gene One execute of strategy of constancy and continuity Will this type of strategy keep Gene One's competitors from gaining ground on Gene One's share of the market place over the next several years After careful consideration of these perplexing questions, the leadership of Gene One has decided an alternate strategy, as Gene One has not achieved all that they have by continuity alone. Gene One has taken risks that were founded on sound strategy and faith that intelligent men and women with innovative ideas and unsurpassed drive and passion cannot be stopped. These type of people are winners and they accomplish their goals. These factors set the stage for constantly evolving ideas that provided multiple benefits that were accomplished in record time. Seldom has this type of success been achieved in the biotech industry which is considered a risky bu siness in some cases. That said, the Gene One leadership has decided that Gene One must be given an opportunity to experience its maximum growth potential before some piggy back organization with lucrative investors siphon off strategic market areas previously held by Gene One. As with any strategy, there are risks involved. ... As with any strategy, there are risks involved. However, due to Gene One's financial stability, strong leadership and growth potential, these risks are just obstacle that can be turned into positive opportunities. Please note the following: Economic Packages (founders of Gene One, board members and essential personnel) While IPO capital is of extreme importance concerning Gene One's preparations to go public, this topic can not be considered if it does not include job security and economic packages that reward the founders, board members and essential personnel at Gene One for their contributions that have led to the meteoric rise of Gene One over an eight-year timeframe. This is not a difficult problem to solve due to the strategy that will restructure and diversify Gene One while maintaining its technological and competitive edge over the competition. IPO Capital The following is a brief bio of Charles Jones, Gene One's marketing officer: "Two years after Gene Ones's start-up, Don Ruiz, Chief Executive Officer for Gene One, recruited 35-year-old Charles because of his reputation for "smart" risk taking and his biotechnology connections. Don saw him as the perfect person to develop and implement Gene One marketing strategy. Self-confident and moral, Charles easily garners trust for himself and the company." Ruiz, Gene One Company Overview Report Gene One 4 The Gene One leadership feels that while Charles is limited in his abilities to personally design and implement a marketing infrastructure, his overall talents and track record suggests that

Strategy Recommendations for Franchise Opportunities for Mr. Empanada Research Paper

Strategy Recommendations for Franchise Opportunities for Mr. Empanada - Research Paper Example Empanada include reducing operational costs while also drawing new customers (Mr. Empanada). The restaurant may not have the option often enjoyed by larger franchises of lowering the prices of offerings. Another challenge is in handling business in such a way that the restaurant remains productive even during quiet times (Mr. Empanada Franchise Corporation). Often, restaurants make a lot of profit during busy times but face challenges when there are not many customers. The Mr. Empanada also has to find more advanced ways of advertising is products in a way in which it will be able to reach distant customers. Another challenge lies in finding ways to retain current consumers. The Mr. Empanada restaurant creates products that are unique in taste as well as fare. To maintain its reputation as the best producer of Empanadas, the restaurant’s owners have to find ways of entering into agreements with the suppliers who provide them with the best raw materials. Signage To remain relev ant, Mr. Empanada also has to use the latest technology in order to retain customers who are impressed with the quick and efficient service. Good signage is one way of achieving this because it can increase a business’s opportunity for success. For instance, Mr. Empanada can utilize digital menu boards in its operations. Digital menu boards ensure that employees constantly have access to the latest information. This means that they will be able to improve productivity, efficiency, and patron satisfaction. Digital menu boards are easy to customize and can even be utilized as training devices because they can assist prospective workers in learning how to gather pertinent information relating to the restaurants and its assorted operations. Digital menu boards can also assist customers to observe their waiting times. It is a known fact that customers are often less frustrated about waiting for long periods of time when they have distractions. Customers can also learn about the co ntents of their orders through the digital menu boards. These implements will not only reduce the time in which people order, but also reduce the number of irritated clients that the staff has to handle. Location Location is quite important for any restaurant. Good food or even excellent service may not be enough to bring about the success of a restaurant if it is located in a bad neighborhood or area with no traffic. The best location is one that is easily accessible. Mr. Empanada, which is seeking to expand into new regions, should consider accessible sites that also do not require a lot of capital. Another option could be leasing space. In such cases, it is best to use the services of lawyers and consultants who understand the details of the fine print. Brokers should also be consulted on the best sites to situate a restaurant business. The management should also investigate the traffic in the selected area, as well as their dining habits. To attract new customers, Mr. Empanada c an invest in new locations that have potential customers such as working people or college students who often return home or purchase food from supermarkets during lunchtime. Shopping malls Mall culture has grown to be perceived as an avenue for big business, as malls have been transformed into multi-storied sophisticated structures that contain diverse shops. There are some reasons why investing in a branch that is ensconced within a shopping mall could be beneficial for Mr. Empanada. One of the most critical is

Philips: Marketing, Launch and Sales Processes

Philips: Marketing, Launch and Sales Processes One of the most essential parts of managing a successful company is how successfully it manages to launch and market a new product in the market. It depends on the company whether they want marketing to be done individually for every product or in a set for a group of similar line products. The main reason of promoting a new product is to attract new customers to the company and make majority of your target market aware of the companys latest product. Without that there is a very minimum chance of you getting the attention of your focus group. Marketing is important for both, the product and the company that sells it. Branding is very important for the establishment and identity of a new product. Selling a product under a global brand gives your product worldwide recognition, which automatically helps in more sales. If the product is successful, you will have a product that sells for itself! Also, a new and innovative product gives more recognition to a brand and brings more audience. The product which I chose is a 3 in 1 kitchen appliance and the company I chose for the marketing, launch and sales of this product is Philips. Objective In this report, my goal is to find out how compatible is my product with the company I chose to sell it. I have to figure out how much that brand helps in establishing my product, and also that how my product is capable of increasing the brand value and audience of the respective company. For that I have done the company analysis and product analysis and finally the marketing strategy. Company background Philips is a world-wide renowned company for the simplicity and innovation they put in their products. The company has a rich profile, and some of its important aspects are briefly explained below. Philips marketing strategy Philips as a company believes in Improving peoples lives through meaningful innovations. Philips promotes themselves as a consumer-led company, thus all the RD (research development) processes are based on creating products that are aligned with the current needs and demands of the consumers. Philips distributes their products not only through physical stores but also through modern medium, like e-marketing, via their website. The company website provides detailed product information and prices, along with the latest promotional offers available. The website also helps in informing availability of their products in different countries world-wide. Products Philips has a wide product variety available for all types of customers in the market. Philips products are basically divided into the following categories- Mother and child care products: Feeding bottles, tethers and skin care products. Personal care: Shavers, hair styling products, hair removers, etc. Lighting: Apart from fixtures and mood lighting they also provide car lights. Recently they have started using LED lights. Audio and video products: Television, stereo, etc. Home appliances- Kitchen appliances, vacuum cleaner, ironing machine, etc. Phones desktops. Accessories: USB, remote control, electronic toothbrush, etc. Pricing strategy Philips uses Price differentiation strategy for setting price of their products. the price of Philips products are different in different countries, due to the use of different currencies and variation in the government regulations in different parts of the world. It is visible on Philips website also that there is a difference in the prices of the same product in different countries. Philips also uses the price differentiation strategy for a product in the same country. They will have different price for the same product, depending upon the version and quality of the product. Philips stores The main headquarters of Philips is located in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Philips being a world renowned company, has its stores in more than 100 countries of the world (Australia New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, Mainland china, France, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Israel, Mexico, Pakistan, Poland, US, etc.), divided into 5 regions- North America, Latin America, Middle-East Africa, Europe and Asia-pacific. They have special promotional activities like contests, discounts, coupons, etc. during all festive seasons, to boost their sales. Philips also manages their sales through E-commerce. Promotional schemes Philips promotes its brand and products through a lot of mediums. They use billboards, print media, electronic media and internet for advertising their product. Being such a big company Philips always has to maintain their unique and new PR strategies and campaigns. Some of the best examples of Philips campaigns are- The product launch of kitchen appliance Air fryer was very successful, as they promoted it as a product which helps in a healthy and convenient way of cooking. Another promotional campaign was for Aurea T.V., where they hired a model for the promotion, as their promotional theme for the T.V. was seduction by light. Type of audience Philips deals with a wide range of target market, differing in age, culture, sex, status, etc., but most of the customers are loyal because they are satisfied with the brand promise that Philips fulfil. Philips products are not for conservative or sceptic audience. Philips audience are the people who believe in the brand, but are also willing to try the new innovative products that Philips comes up with. Philips products can be used at any time of the family life- cycle. Thus people around the world buy 1 million Philips consumer products every day. Brand identity Philips is a very strong brand name. It has positioned itself as a high quality and innovative brand. Their tag line is sense and simplicity, and that is exactly what they deliver through their products. One of the very important features of Philips is that they make useful, healthy, eco-friendly and innovative products. Their mission is to make cities liable by providing healthcare products, managing essential resources (like lighting) and supporting independent living. Philips increased its brand value by 8% to USD 8.3 billion in 2008. It was ranked 43rd most valuable brand in the inter-brand 2008 ranking of best global brands. Competitors Now-a-days due to increasing industrialization there is immense competition in every industry. There are a lot of companies making same products and trying to sell it in the market. It is the same with Philips. Philips has some direct competitors like Samsung, L.G., Sony and Panasonic who all make a wide variety of products. Apart from that it has some indirect competitors for various products, like- PG and Braun for Male dry shaving appliances Oral B for Power toothbrush KENWOOD for Food Preparation KRUPS for Drip filter coffee Companys SWOT Strengths: Wide variety of consumer lifestyle products and home appliances. Strong research and development processes. Simplicity and innovation as the theme of every product Large number of loyal customers Present in many countries around the world. Reputed and renowned brand name. Large base of copyright patents. Weakness: Late in development of new products. Distribution channel is not extensive. Price is comparatively higher than the competitors. Opportunities: The ever changing needs and preferences of the market. Increasing awareness of environmental friendly products. Technological advancements. Changing government regulations. Threats: Increasing competition. Dealing in different currencies of the world. Economic recession in future leading to less product consumption. Adapting to the fast changing business environment. Product analysis- Product- The product is basically a 3 in 1 kitchen appliance. It consists of a coffee maker, toaster and a skillet. An additional accessory (spatula) is available with the product. The specifications of the product are as follows:untitled.46.jpg Materials: ABS plastic, non-stick metal skillet, rubber stands. Temperature control knob for toaster Color schemes: Pink white, yellow white, Blue black and Orange white. Dimension: PeopleKomal appliance 1.jpg The product is precisely targeted for audience who are always busy in their work life, and has no time in the hectic mornings to prepare a proper breakfast. The target market is bachelors who may be studying or working; or newlyweds. People who are innovators will definitely try this one. Acoording to the price, middle class and lower upper class will buy the product. Price This appliance is definitely cheaper than the price of a coffee maker, a toaster and a pan separately. Komal appliance 3.jpg Place As this a product for working generation, the placement should be done in metropolitan cities. This product has no boundaries of religion or community so it can be presented in any country which is developed or developing. A high end mall is very good place for this product, as every one visits malls on weekends. Promotion The key point for promotion will be its compact design and easy usage. This product is 3 in 1, thus it can do 3 tasks in the time of 1 and save time, which is the highlight of the product. The product will be marketed as The appliance of youth.br4dvb 5.jpg It can be launched in a set of color schemes and graphics. So any gender or culture audience can buy it. It can be promoted through commercials, print media and billboards. Side 1.jpg Komal appliance 2.jpg SWOT of the product Strength New and innovative concept Saves time and money due to its 3 in 1 applaince concept, which can attract the target market. Available in different colors and design, so audience has a freedom of choice. Simple interface and easy usability. Weakness Not fully developed and tested A large number of market is not the focus of product. Opportunity Can be advertised as The appliance for fast pace lifestyle Many features can be improvised and then the company can come up with a new and improved version of the product. There is no similar product in the market, so there is no comparison bar for setting the cost. Threat People may be apprehensive about a new concept, thus the product can fail in the market. There is no reason for audience to trust a new product without any brand name or garuntee. Possibility of the idea being copied by other companies. Marketing plan for product launch Competitors- Philips being a very reputed and experienced company in the household appliance sector has to face stiff competition from other companies, like BRAUN, Morphy Richards, etc. However the 3 in 1 appliance (coffee maker + toaster + skillet) is a novel idea which is first of its kind in the industry. This appliance, therefore, will give Philips the first mover advantage and competitive edge over its competitors. Target the ideal customers- The appliance has a limited range on the target customer profile, but under Philips, who has a very strong and loyal customer base, it will still have a large number of audiences fitting in the customer range. Below are the exact details of what the audience will be like. Age: 18- 30 year old is the main age group for this product. Household income: As this product is a worldwide launch, a fix house hold income cant be estimated. But the target market for this appliance is the families from upper middle class and lower upper class. Geographical location: The product is such that it can be used all around the world, by people of any nationality or culture. Philips products are sold in more than 100 countries around the world, thereby providing a huge customer base for the product. Work situation: the work situation of the target market can be of 2 types- Young adults staying away from their family for studies. People who have a 9 to5 job and very hectic mornings. Create a unique value proposition- This appliance has a lot of special features that set it apart from other company products and gives Philips an advantage of coming up with a one of its kind new and innovative appliance. Saves time: the product can perform three different tasks, meant for three different kitchen products, in the time of one, due to its 3 in 1 engineering feature. This saves a lot of time and energy of the user. it can be healthy in a way because those who used to skip there proper breakfast because of hectic mornings will now be able to get an ideal breakfast without compromising much on time. Saves money: It obviously saves a lot of money if you can just buy 1 product instead of three! Philips products are mostly a little high prized compared to other brands, because of its product quality and brand name. This may cause losing some customers who have a lower budget. But this 3 in 1 appliance is an exception, as it will cost efficient compared to the price range of other Philips products. here is the approximate difference- Good quality toaster (49 S$) + good quality coffee maker (49 S$) + an average skillet (50 S$) = approximately 150 S$ Whereas, the 3 in 1 appliance, roughly, will only costs around 80 S$, saving approximately 50- 70 S$. Compact design: In todays world everybody wants a product which consumes less space and is easily movable. Plus the ideal market for this product will potentially be the people living in apartments or condos, which mean they will not have a lot of space in their kitchen for bulky appliances. This product surely is a relief for them, because like all other Philips products, this one is also compact. Easy and quick: As all the processes of the appliance are engineered to be automatic and has storage for water / milk and coffee; there is any need of adding the ingredients every time you use the appliance. Easy cleaning: The material of the appliance is glossy plastic on the outside and the inner parts like the storage of coffee and water are detachable; also the skillet is removable. So it becomes very easy for the user to clean the appliance from outside and inside. Moreover, there are rubber stands under the appliance so that its easy to shift and clean the bottom surface of the product. Opportunity of choice: Philips has always given choices of colors to the users in most of their products. But this product is one step ahead. It not only has color preferences but also comes in 3 different graphics on the outer body- plain, waves and floral designs. People always love to be able to choose their favourite from all the given choices, than being forced to buy a product which has no color/ design preferences. Uniformity: The product can be a huge success in the market because of 1 more reason- coffee is a worldwide beverage, thus giving the product a good chance of being accepted all over the world. Marketing strategy and tactics- As mentioned in the report earlier, Philips pays a lot of attention on how well the product is marketed and launched; and spends accordingly on the promotion. This can be very beneficial for promoting a new product in the market, under the brand name of Philips. The target market being a new age generation, the strategy will be more concentrated on usage of modern age media like internet social network website. Apart from that Philips already has its own official website which is very explanatory of its products. The usage of print media like newspapers and magazines etc. is also necessary to spread the product information to a large number of audiences. Outdoor advertising like Billboards, bus-stops advertisements near universities/ colleges and central business district is very important to reach the exact target market. Lastly one of the most used advertising sources, television commercials, can also be used for a better marketing of the product experience. Testing concept and marketing approach- Testing of the product can be done through a lot of mediums. Philips places its products in famous retail outlets, like big bazaar in India or courts in Singapore, which are nationally recognized and visited by many people. This gives Philips products an opportunity to come across a large number of audiences. The same tactics can be used for the testing of the new product. the 3 in 1 appliance can be displayed on a stall in these stores and people by passing the stall can see the demonstration of the working appliance, as well as can use it themselves to better understand the features of the products. Online surveys can be done asking suggestions about the concept and aesthetic appeal of the product. Lastly, Philips can give a money back or product exchange guarantee to first 10,000 customers of the appliance, all over the world. They can ask those customers for their feedback on what they felt went wrong and accordingly do changes in the product, if needed. Rolling out campaign- This is the time when Philips brand name plays a very important role. There are 3 ways of campaigning for the appliance- Showing testimonials of the users of the product on T.V. commercials. This way people will relate more to the product. Sponsoring an event related to cooking/ cookery shows for e.g. Master Chef, so at the end the show will advertise Philips kitchen appliances, including the 3 in 1 appliance. Sponsoring a cookery competition, and giving the product as a gift to the winner. Know your product lifecycle- Any product has 4 main phase of its life. Below is the chart showing the lifecycle of the sales of any product. Introduction- First six months, sales of the product will be slow. Buyers who are innovators will mostly use the product. Growth- With the increasing promotion by Philips, after six months of launch, the product will have increasing sales. By then people who are loyal to the Philips brand will start buying it. Maturity- By now everybody see the product as an established and reliable product. Now the product will reach the peak sales and also the onset of decline due to the possible launch of similar products by the competitors. Decline- this is the time when the product loses its novelty factors and there will be a need to rethink the product attributes and come up with a better version as soon as possible. Conclusion In the end I think that Philips as a brand is perfect for the kind of product I have designed. It really will help the product with the brand name of Philips. Similarly I think Philips can also gain more number of audiences because of my product.

teh rechartering of the national bank by Andrew Jackson :: essays research papers

The Rechartering of the National Bank In 1832, a Renewal Bill for the United States Bank came up to the President, Andrew Jackson. He vetoed this bill for the Bank, and in the address that he included with the veto stated that he knew that this would be an issue, and that people would not like it. He told in this address all of the clear and obvious reasons why he vetoed against the bank.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, Andrew Jackson, aimed towards all of the strict constructionists, brought up the point that the formation of a national bank is not in the Constitution, and therefore there is no reason why we should be able to use it. President Jackson also said how the national bank is â€Å"rebellious of the rights of the states, and dangerous to the liberties of the people†. Jackson could see that the bank was a monopoly, and the danger that this could bring. He said how the bank is run primarily by 25 people, 20 of which are elected by the bank stock holders, the other five are elected by the bank officials themselves, who in the long run can keep reelecting themselves, and corruption is bound to follow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main point that President Jackson made in his address for the veto was that too much of the money in the U.S. Bank was from foreign countries. When private stockholders from other countries don’t pay their debts, it hurts the U.S. economy, but even worse then that is the foreign business that the bank does creates an incredible amount of foreign dividend that the U.S. citizens have to pay for, in their taxes. The President says that the banking system should be entirely American; all of the stockholders in the United States Banking system should consist of U. teh rechartering of the national bank by Andrew Jackson :: essays research papers The Rechartering of the National Bank In 1832, a Renewal Bill for the United States Bank came up to the President, Andrew Jackson. He vetoed this bill for the Bank, and in the address that he included with the veto stated that he knew that this would be an issue, and that people would not like it. He told in this address all of the clear and obvious reasons why he vetoed against the bank.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, Andrew Jackson, aimed towards all of the strict constructionists, brought up the point that the formation of a national bank is not in the Constitution, and therefore there is no reason why we should be able to use it. President Jackson also said how the national bank is â€Å"rebellious of the rights of the states, and dangerous to the liberties of the people†. Jackson could see that the bank was a monopoly, and the danger that this could bring. He said how the bank is run primarily by 25 people, 20 of which are elected by the bank stock holders, the other five are elected by the bank officials themselves, who in the long run can keep reelecting themselves, and corruption is bound to follow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main point that President Jackson made in his address for the veto was that too much of the money in the U.S. Bank was from foreign countries. When private stockholders from other countries don’t pay their debts, it hurts the U.S. economy, but even worse then that is the foreign business that the bank does creates an incredible amount of foreign dividend that the U.S. citizens have to pay for, in their taxes. The President says that the banking system should be entirely American; all of the stockholders in the United States Banking system should consist of U.

Is it possible to demonstrate that a sociological analysis of the body and its varied states shed ‘light’ on the experiences of embodiment?

In order to evaluate the extent in which sociological analysis sheds light on the experience of embodiment it is essential that we first break down the meanings behind the question. The concept of embodiment is derived from the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, who argued: â€Å"that to the experience the world, we have to perceive it†¦. the embodiment of the human being is fundamental.† (cited in Reber & Reber 2001. p115). Reber & Reber (2001) go on to explain embodiment as the mode by which human beings practically engage and interact with the world. The experience of having a body alters in relation to the particular condition, or state, of the body at any one time. These varied states can include differences in long or short-term health or, for example, whether the body is in pain or not at a particular time. Other states can include diversity in age, or just altered states such as pregnancy. The sociological analysis of any subject matter involves having the ability to trace links between the wider society and the lives of the individuals within it, having an awareness of social structures. In contrast to sociological theories are those within the biological essentialist paradigm, whose explanations reduce the understanding of the body into terms of the physiological and absolute. This essay will attempt to illustrate the importance of the sociological explanation in understanding the body and its varied states, whilst highlighting the limitations of the more essentialist approach. The health and illness of the human body has traditionally been defined in terms of the biomedical model, which is based upon the reliance of scientific facts. The body is seen as a primarily biological entity thus ignoring external, environment factors, such as the family and the education system, shaping our bodies and minds. The idea that the mind and body are separate entities emanates from Descartes, dating back to the eighteenth century. A time, known as the enlightenment, when societies would come to depend more and more on scientific and rational explanations at the expense of religious explanations. There was an apparent move towards a more physiological and essentialist understanding of everyday life and a dramatic decline in more spiritual and less scientific explanations. Health and illness is traditionally described in a medical way. Pregnancy, for example, although a natural state for the female body, has undergone extreme medical intervention. Martin (1987) suggests that giving birth is in fact so medicalised that it can be described as â€Å"work done by the uterus†. She goes on to create a convincing analogy between the ‘job' of having a baby and the ability of women as workers to resist their conditions. The essentialist argument is argued to be both narrow in its assumptions regarding the body and the individual's ability to have free will. The theorists ignore the impact of external factors, arguing that all human behaviour is innate and fixed. In modern times, largely due to a more sociological understanding of the mind and body, it is understood that they in fact work together much more closely than ever realised before, and thus the concept of mind-body dualism is introduced. White (2002) argues that on the basis of empirical research sociologists demonstrate how the interactions of social class, power, gender and ethnicity enter into the formation of knowledge about the treatment of a sickness or disease. The social production and distribution of diseases and illnesses, illustrate how these varied states could be differently understood, treated and experienced by demonstrating how disease is produced out of social organisation rather than nature, biology or individual lifestyle choices. White (2002) also suggests that our knowledge of health and illness, the organisations of the professions which deal with it and our own responses to our bodily states are shaped and formed by the history of our society and our place in it. He criticises medical explanations, stating that they only serve to obscure, or completely cover, the social shaping and distribution of disease, disease categories and health services. Firstly we must consider more traditional sociological theories such as functionalism, mostly illustrated by Parsons' concept of ‘the sick role', a social role that is shaped by the social restrains of modern society. The focus is on how being ill must take a specific form in human societies in order that the social system's stability and cohesion can be maintained. Parsonian sociology emphasises the role of medicine in maintaining social harmony, pointing to the non-market basis of professional groups. Highlighting the social control of medicine in enforcing compliance with social roles in modern society. Marxist approaches emphasize the causal role of economics in the production and distribution of disease, as well as the role of medical knowledge in sustaining the class structure. Marxists are concerned with the relationship between health and illness and capitalist social organisation. Feminists' key argument is that the way in which we are socialized into masculine and feminine social roles will have a determining effect on our health and illness. They argue that medicine plays a vital role in enforcing conformity because controlling women's ability to reproduce is central to a patriarchal society. Feminists argue that the majority of medical attention paid to women is around their reproductive organs and their life cycle Marxist-feminists identify the ways in which class and patriarchy interact to define the subordinate position of women in society and the central role that medical knowledge plays in defining women. In contrast to these more structural approaches the interactionists would argue the focus should be directed at the way illness is a social accomplishment between actors rather than merely a matter of physiological malfunction (Bilton et al 1997). Self-identity has become more fluid and negotiable, separated from ‘social structures', which are often claimed to be just a figment of the sociological imagination. For some theorists the discovery of the body, linked to these weakened structures, has led to the argument that we construct our bodies as we see fit. White (2002) emphasises the openness of the body, and of the individuals that shape it. More recent notions of the body have examined the cultural meanings placed upon it, desirable body size, weight and shape etc. There has been much sociological research into understanding the ideas behind the individual's concept of ‘the self'. Much of this work is revolving around bodily appearance and individual self-perception, labels given to us by others and ourselves. Tyler (1998) investigated the recruitment and training of female flight attendants, concluding that their work: â€Å"involved adhering to culturally prescribed norms on femininity as well as organisational regulations governing her figure† Feminists' reactions to the way in which medicine ‘medicalises' their bodies have raised crucial issues at the centre of sociological explanations of disease. Illnesses are not simply deviations from the body's normal functioning, being ill can have a number of meanings that extend beyond a simple biomedical one. Sontage (1991) shows how TB and AIDS have attached meanings, so that they become ‘dirty' and ‘unclean' illnesses that ‘invade' the body. People who suffer from such stigmatised illnesses may well change the way they view their bodies and their own self-identity is affected, thus an illustration of mind-body dualism. Goffman, a key interactionist, theory of the body can be summarised by three main features. Firstly, that you can view the body as a material, communicating entity, controlled by individuals in order to facilitate and direct social interaction. Secondly, the meanings attributed to the body are determined by shared vocabularies of non-verbal language, such as facial expression and dress, which are not under the immediate control of individuals but which nevertheless categorise and differentiate between people. Thirdly, the body mediates the relationship between people's self-identity and their social identity, two quite different states. Consequently, these classifications greatly influence how individuals seek to manage their bodies and they way in which their bodies are perceived. In addition to its reflections on economic, social and political changes in society postmodernism is characterised by a mistrust of ‘science' as the truth. Senior (1996) suggests that people are more accepting of their own understanding of the world. Post modernists claim that no single theory can explain such a wide variation of experiences. Power is of crucial concern, not only economic power but also in the form of language, or discourse. Knowledge of the body becomes power, possessors of this knowledge can exercise control over those without, for example the doctor/patient relationship. Foucault, an extreme social constructionist, highlights the social role of medical knowledge in controlling populations. Similarly to Parsons, Foucault emphasises the diverse nature of power relationships in modern society, describing the emergence of a dominant medical discourse, which has constructed definitions of normality and deviance. For Foucault modern societies are systems of organised surveillance with individuals conducting the surveillance themselves, having internalised the ‘professional models' of what is appropriate behaviour. The usefulness of Foucault's position is the way in which he historically locates medical knowledge, especially in allowing for the development of the sociology of the body. By showing how the body is historically constructed, Foucault has been accepted and adapted by feminists, known as Foucauldian-feminisms, who show that it is in fact the construction of gender specific bodies that needs analysis. Okely (1993) writes a subjective account of her time spent at an all-girls boarding school, linking her experiences of class, gender and power inequalities, and the impact of these inequalities on the human body. She also refers to Mauss (1936) in her writings and the way in which it is discussed that different societies, groups and even forms of education make different uses of the body. These uses may and have often been documented to change over time and in individual variations. Mauss (1936) isolates three factors that are involved in understanding the body; those are social, psychological and biological (as cited in Okely 1993. p111). Okely (1993) talks of her constant attempts to convince ‘the authorities', for example teachers, that she had internalised the institutions way of life, of being a ‘lady' however, her body often let her down. She goes on to recall that the â€Å"minutest gesture could betray a lack of conviction, a failure of conversion† (Okely 1993. p112). Children and adolescents are the most vulnerable to these outside influences, which often permanently shape their minds and bodies. Okely cited a former resident that had attempted to train to become an opera singer, but who could not breath deeply enough. She believed this to be due to a constant requirement to stand tall and firm, therefore, leading the chest to become too ‘rigidly encased'. The girl obviously saw a connection with her education and her bodily state. In an attempt to draw attention to the social and individual impact of merely wearing a badge on the left or right side of your uniform, Okely highlights that in many cultures the right and left sides of the body, for example the hands, are used to represent symbolic and social oppositions. â€Å"the right is given pre-eminence and may be associated with order, legitimacy and the male while the left can be associated with disorder, disruptive forces and the female† (Hertz 1960 as cited by Okely 1993. p115.) In an effort to transform society, social constructionists inevitably raise questions about the past and the future, as they call into question prevailing ideological frameworks. Social constructionist approaches call attention to the paradox between the historically variable ways in which culture and society construct seemingly stable reality. Social constructionist theory suggests that sexuality is a fluid and changeable entity, the product of human action and history rather than the result of the body, biology or an innate sex drive, as essentialism would suggest. Vance (1994) in her research into female sexuality, which can also be seen as a varied state, uses the example of female circumcision. She illustrates that social constructionists have not ignored the body, its function and physiology, and still in fact have the ability to incorporate the body with it's theory without returning to essentialism. From a sociological perspective, biology is by no means the overriding factor in the development of a disease. Rather, as White (2002) suggests, it is the prevailing social and economic conditions that allow a disease to develop which must be accounted for. Furthermore; â€Å"given that germs do not speak for themselves, it is our interpretation of events that leads some conditions to be categorised as diseases.† (White 2002. p12) But to what extent has the sociological analysis of the body and its varied states shed ‘light' on the experiences of embodiment? It is clear from the brief evidence summarised above and the reading available on the subject that the essentialist explanation of the body in incomplete. As with any aspect of human society the impact of the relationship between the individual and his/her surroundings must be taken into consideration. There is much work to be undertaken in this area of study and many more links, or dualisms, to be uncovered.

Property Taxes and School Funding essays

Property Taxes and School Funding essays Most public schools in the United States depend on local property taxes for their initial funding. Admittedly, the wide disparity between schools in the poorest and wealthiest communities is due largely in part to the unequal funding created by unequal property values in said communities. Critics of this system, however, often overlook the fact that this phenomenon is a necessary part of the capitalist system. In order for any of us to succeed, some of us must get left behind. Residents of inner cities claim that they tax themselves at higher rates than residents of suburban areas in order to raise money for their public schools, but it is a known fact that their tax revenues must be diverted to meet non-school costs that wealthy suburbs do not face, or only on a far more modest scale. Police expenditures are higher in crime-ridden cities than in most suburban towns. It is important to note, though, that the thugs responsible for much of the crime in these cities and the students in these public schools are one and the same. If the students are out on the streets committing crimes rather than attending school, why should the taxpaying citizens even bother to continue pouring money into their schools? Most of these children will drop out before they graduate from high school anyway. The question that we must ask ourselves is this: whats the point? In my opinion, how the schools are funded is only a small part of the problem. There is no point in trying to reform these schools without first addressing the societal problems that plague these communities. If statistics continue to show that these children are more than likely to throw their lives away whether they have the benefit of an education or not, it is undeniably an effort in futility to continue funding their schools. Besides, the public school system works the way it does for a reason: to recreate the social divisions of labor and to preserve t...

Suzhou River essays

Suzhou River essays Suzhou River is the second film of Lou Ye, who is the sixth generation directors in Chinese mainland. However, he directs this film in a different direction from the works of his Beijing Film Academy contemporaries Zhang Yuan (Beijing Bastards/Beijing Zazhong, 1993) and Wang Xiaoshuai (The Days/Dong-Chun De Rizi, 1993). There are some obvious similarities between this film and Wong Kaiweis ChungKing Express/Chongqing Senlin. The story is about four people: Meimei, Mudan, Mada and a videographer. Meimei, a performing mermaid at a nightclub, illuminates the life of the videographer. However, she slips in and out of his life. Her bouts of unexplained silence and periods of absence deeply trouble him. One day a man called Mada claims that Meimei is his long-lost love. He keeps convincing Meimei that she was his girlfriend before. Here, points of view begin to shift to Mada and Mudan. Mada, a motorcycle courier, was once asked to deliver Mudan, the daughter of a local alcohol merchant, to her aunt. When Mudans father entertains prostitutes, she must be delivered to a relative. Then Mada and Mudan fall in love. But their tender happiness is disrupted. Mada involves with a plan to kidnap Mudan for ransom. This heavily hurts Mudans feelings. She jumps into the Suzhou River, promising to haunt Mada forever as a mermaid. So, Mada is convinced that Mudan is still alive and keeps seeking her for years after he has been released from the jail. He believes that Meimei must be Mudan and keeps seeing Meimei. Finally Mada finds Mudan by chance but soon their bodies are hauled out of the Suzhou River after a drunken motorcycle crash. Here Suzhou River becomes a place for the exchange of birth and death. Meimei is stunned by such a love story when she finds out what Mada told her is true. She leaves the videographer at last with a question: if I leave you someday, would you look for me, like Mada looking for Mudan? ...